% !TEX root = FDS_Validation_Guide.tex

\chapter{Gas Species and Smoke}

For most applications, FDS uses a single step, mixing-controlled combustion model. The products of combustion are ``lumped'' together and tracked as a single gas mixture. These products include CO$_2$, H$_2$O, CO, and soot. However, in some cases, the combustion is incomplete due to a lack of oxygen. In others, a multiple-step reaction scheme is used to predict the production of CO.

\section{Major Combustion Products, O$_2$ and CO$_2$}

For any hydrocarbon fuel, the major combustion products are oxygen and carbon dioxide. Accurate predictions of these gases requires knowledge of the chemical composition of the fuel and an accurate transport algorithm for the combustion products.

\clearpage

\subsection{DelCo Trainers}

Oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements were made at several locations in the one and two level DelCo training structures. See Section~\ref{DelCo_Description} for their exact locations.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_02_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_02_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_03_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_03_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_04_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_04_O2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{DelCo Trainers, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 2-4.}
\label{DelCo_CO2_O2_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_05_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_05_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_06_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_06_O2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{DelCo Trainers, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 5-6.}
\label{DelCo_CO2_O2_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_22_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_22_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_23_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_23_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_24_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_24_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_25_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_25_O2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{DelCo Trainers, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 22-25.}
\label{DelCo_CO2_O2_3}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\subsection{FAA Cargo Compartments}

Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were measured near the ceiling in the forward, middle, and aft sections of the compartment. Note that all but the middle compartment concentrations were measured in Tests~2~and~3.


\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_1_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_1_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_2_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_2_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_3_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_3_CO}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{FAA Cargo Compartment experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration.}
\label{FAA_Cargo_CO2_CO}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{LLNL Enclosure}

Oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were reported for a single location within the LLNL Enclosure. The test report~\cite{Foote:LLNL1986} specifies the lateral location of the sensors (1.5~m from the wall opposite the exhaust duct, along the room centerline), but the reported height is only ``top of room.'' In the model, the sensors were located 4.3~m off the floor, 0.2~m below the ceiling of the compartment.

For some experiments, only two concentrations are reported, one being the ambient value. The results of these experiments are shown for completeness, but the values are not included in the calculation of the accuracy statistics.

Also, the test report does not indicate whether the reported volume fractions were taken to be ``wet'' or ``dry''; that is, whether the water vapor was condensed out of the sample. For the sake of comparison, the FDS results are assumed to be ``dry''.

Further details of the modeling can be found in Section~\ref{LLNL_Enclosure_Description}.

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_01_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_01_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_02_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_02_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_03_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_03_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_04_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_04_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 1-4.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_05_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_05_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_06_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_06_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_07_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_07_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_08_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_08_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 5-8.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_09_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_09_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_10_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_10_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_11_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_11_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_12_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_12_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 9-12.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_13_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_13_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_14_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_14_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_15_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_15_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_16_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_16_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 13-16.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_4}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_17_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_17_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_18_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_18_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_19_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_19_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_20_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_20_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 17-20.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_5}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_21_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_21_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_22_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_22_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_23_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_23_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_24_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_24_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 21-24.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_6}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_25_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_25_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_26_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_26_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_27_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_27_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_28_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_28_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 25-28.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_7}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_29_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_29_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_30_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_30_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_31_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_31_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_32_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_32_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 29-32.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_8}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_33_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_33_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_34_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_34_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_35_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_35_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_36_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_36_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 33-36.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_9}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_37_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_37_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_38_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_38_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_39_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_39_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_40_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_40_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 37-40.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_10}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_41_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_41_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_42_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_42_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_43_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_43_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_44_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_44_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 41-44.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_11}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_45_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_45_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_46_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_46_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_47_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_47_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_48_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_48_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 45-48.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_12}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_49_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_49_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_50_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_50_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_51_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_51_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_52_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_52_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 49-52.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_13}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_53_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_53_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_54_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_54_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_55_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_55_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_56_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_56_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 53-56.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_14}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_57_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_57_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_58_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_58_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_59_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_59_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_60_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_60_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 57-60.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_15}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_61_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_61_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_62_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_62_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_63_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_63_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_64_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_64_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 61-64.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_16}
\end{figure}


\clearpage


\subsection{NIST/NRC Experiments}

The following pages present comparisons of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration predictions and measurements for the
NIST/NRC series. There were two oxygen measurements, one in the upper layer, one in the lower.  There was only one carbon
dioxide measurement in the upper layer.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_17_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_17_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 3, 9, 17.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Gas_Open_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 5, 14, 15, 18.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Gas_Open_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 1, 2, 7, 8.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Gas_Closed_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_13_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_13_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_16_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_16_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 4, 10, 13, 16.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Gas_Closed_2}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\subsection{NRCC Smoke Tower}

In the NRCC Smoke Tower experiments, there were oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzers in the stair shaft on the second floor just outside the door of the fire compartment.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/BK-R_Fire_Lobby_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/BK-R_Fire_Lobby_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CMP-R_Fire_Lobby_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CMP-R_Fire_Lobby_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NRCC Smoke Tower, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests BK-R and COMP-R.}
\label{NRCC_Smoke_Tower_O2_CO2_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CLC-I-R_Fire_Lobby_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CLC-I-R_Fire_Lobby_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CLC-II-R_Fire_Lobby_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CLC-II-R_Fire_Lobby_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NRCC Smoke Tower, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests CLC-I-R and CLC-II-R.}
\label{NRCC_Smoke_Tower_O2_CO2_2}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\subsection{PRISME DOOR Experiments}

Each compartment in the PRISME DOOR experiments contained an oxygen and carbon dioxide measurement in the upper (haut) and lower (bas) layers.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_1_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_1_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_1_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 1, Tests 1-3.}
\label{PRISME_Gas_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_1_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_1_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_1_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 1, Tests 4-6.}
\label{PRISME_Gas_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_2_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 1-3.}
\label{PRISME_Gas_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_2_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 4-6.}
\label{PRISME_Gas_4}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{PRISME SOURCE Experiments}

The compartment in the PRISME SOURCE experiments contained an oxygen and carbon dioxide measurement in the upper (haut) and lower (bas) layers.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D1_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D1_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D2_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D2_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D3_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D3_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D4_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D4_Room_2_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME SOURCE experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 1-4.}
\label{PRISME_SOURCE_Gas_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5a_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5a_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6a_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6a_Room_2_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{PRISME SOURCE experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 5-6.}
\label{PRISME_SOURCE_Gas_2}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\subsection{WTC Experiments}

The following pages present comparisons of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration predictions and measurements for the
WTC experiments. There was only one measurement of each made near the ceiling of the compartment roughly 2~m from the fire.


\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_01_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_01_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_02_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_02_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_03_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_03_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{WTC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 1-3.}
\label{NIST_WTC_Oxygen_CO2_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_04_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_04_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_05_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_05_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_06_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_06_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{WTC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 4-6.}
\label{NIST_WTC_Oxygen_CO2_2}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\subsection{UMD Line Burner}
\label{UMD_Line_Burner_species}

Oxygen concentration measurements were made across the coflow section of the burner.  Fig.~\ref{UMD_Line_Burner_methane_O2_p18_O2} shows mean volume fraction O$_2$ profiles for two heights, $z$, above the burner surface for the experiment with nitrogen dilution of the coflowing air to 18 vol.~\% O$_2$ with methane as fuel.  Notice that the O$_2$ level at the outer edge of the burner is the ambient value of 21 vol.~\%.  Further experimental details may be found in White et al.~\cite{White:2015}. FDS simulations are performed at three grid resolutions corresponding to $W/\delta x = 4, 8, 16$, where $W = 5$ cm is the width of the line burner (see Fig.~\ref{fig:umd_line_burner_plan_view}).

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/UMD_Line_Burner/methane_O2_p18_O2_z_p125} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/UMD_Line_Burner/methane_O2_p18_O2_z_p250}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[UMD\_Line\_Burner oxygen concentration profiles]
{Measured and predicted mean oxygen concentration profiles at 18 vol \% O$_2$.}
\label{UMD_Line_Burner_methane_O2_p18_O2}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\subsection{Summary of Major Combustion Products Predictions}
\label{Carbon Dioxide Concentration}
\label{Oxygen Concentration}


\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Carbon_Dioxide_Concentration} \\
\includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Oxygen_Concentration}
\end{tabular}
\caption[Summary of major gas species predictions]
{Summary of major gas species predictions.}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\section{Smoke}

\subsection{FM/FPRF Data Center Experiments}
\label{FM Smoke Concentration}

Results of the low exhaust rate (78 ACH) and high exhaust rate (265 ACH) tests for propylene and cables is shown in the figure below. Each test had three measurement locations (subfloor, ceiling, and ceiling plenum); however, not all locations for all tests had a measurement above background noise in the laser signal.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_Low_C3H6_SF} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_High_C3H6_SF} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_Low_C3H6_HA} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_High_C3H6_HA} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_Low_Cable_SF} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_High_Cable_SF}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM/FPRF Data Center, smoke concentration, propylene and cable sources]{FM/FPRF Data Center, smoke concentration, low and high exhaust rate, propylene and cable sources.}
\label{FM_FPRF_Datacenter_Smoke}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{NIST/NRC Experiments}
\label{Smoke Concentration}

For the simulations of the NIST/NRC tests, the smoke yield is specified as one of the test parameters.
The figures on the following pages contain comparisons of measured and predicted smoke concentration at one measuring station in the upper layer.

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_Smoke} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_Smoke} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_Smoke} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_13_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_16_Smoke}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, smoke concentration, Tests 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 16.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_17_Smoke} &
 \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_Smoke} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_Smoke} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_Smoke}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{NIST/NRC experiments, smoke concentration, Tests 3, 5, 9, 14, 15, 17, 18.}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Smoke_Concentration}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of smoke concentration predictions]{Summary of smoke concentration predictions.}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{FAA Cargo Compartments}
\label{Smoke Obscuration}

Beam obscuration measurements were made at different locations within the compartment (see Fig.~\ref{FAA_Cargo_probe_locations}). The data is presented below in terms of percent transmission per meter, $100(I/I_0)^{1/L}$, where $I$ is the light intensity and $L$ is the beam pathlength in units of meters.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_1_Ceiling_Transmission} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_1_Cargo_Transmission} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_2_Ceiling_Transmission} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_2_Cargo_Transmission} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_3_Ceiling_Transmission} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_3_Cargo_Transmission}
\end{tabular*}
\caption{FAA Cargo Compartments experiments, smoke obscuration.}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Smoke_Obscuration}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of smoke obscuration predictions]{Summary of smoke obscuration predictions.}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\section{Aerosols}

\subsection{Sippola Aerosol Deposition Experiments}
\label{Aerosol Deposition Velocity}

Figure~\ref{Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition_Velocity} compares the measured and predicted aerosol deposition velocities in the Sippola experiments, and Figure~\ref{Summary_Aerosol_Deposition_Velocity} shows a summary of the results. Details of the experiment and simulation are found in Section~\ref{Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition_Description}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition/Sippola_Aerosol_Ceiling_Deposition} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition/Sippola_Aerosol_Wall_Deposition} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition/Sippola_Aerosol_Floor_Deposition}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Predicted and measured aerosol deposition velocities, Sippola experiments]
{Predicted and measured aerosol deposition velocities, Sippola experiments.}
\label{Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition_Velocity}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Aerosol_Deposition_Velocity} \\
\vspace{0.25in} \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of aerosol deposition velocity predictions]
{Summary of aerosol deposition velocity predictions.}
\label{Summary_Aerosol_Deposition_Velocity}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\section{Products of Incomplete Combustion}

Predicting the concentration of products of incomplete combustion is challenging because it requires information about the chemical composition of the fuel and the multiple reactions that convert fuel to products. FDS contains a fairly general framework by which users can specify the reaction mechanism, and the examples in the following subsections highlight some of the more commonly used schemes.


\subsection{Smyth Slot Burner Experiment}
\label{Smyth_Reactions}

Figure~\ref{Smyth_Slot_Burner_temp} shows predicted and measured temperatures at three elevations above the Smyth slot burner (see Section~\ref{Smyth_Slot_Burner_Description} for details). Figures~\ref{Smyth_Slot_Burner_fuel_ox} through \ref{Smyth_Slot_Burner_h2o_h2} show predicted and measured concentrations of CH$_4$, O$_2$, CO, CO$_2$, H$_2$O and H$_2$ at the same three elevations. The reported uncertainty in the species concentration measurements ranges from 10~\% to 20~\%. The abbreviation ``FR'' in the labels means that the conversion of CO to CO$_2$ is modeled using a finite-rate, reversible reaction. The word ``Fast'' implies that this reaction is infinitely fast, but occurs following the first reaction, also infinitely fast.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Temperature} \\
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Temperature}}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Temperature predictions at 7~mm, 9~mm, and 11~mm above burner, Smyth experiment]
{Predicted and measured temperature at 7~mm, 9~mm, and 11~mm above a methane-air slot burner.}
\label{Smyth_Slot_Burner_temp}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Fuel} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Oxygen} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Fuel} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Oxygen} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Fuel} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Oxygen}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[CH$_4$ and O$_2$ volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above burner, Smyth burner]
{Predicted and measured CH$_4$ and O$_2$ volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above a methane-air slot burner.}
\label{Smyth_Slot_Burner_fuel_ox}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Carbon_Monoxide}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[CO$_2$ and CO volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above burner, Smyth burner]
{Predicted and measured CO$_2$ and CO volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above a methane-air slot burner.}
\label{Smyth_Slot_Burner_co_co2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Water} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Hydrogen} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Water} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Hydrogen} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Water} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Hydrogen}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[H$_2$O and H$_2$ volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above burner, Smyth burner]
{Predicted and measured H$_2$O and H$_2$ volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above a methane-air slot burner.}
\label{Smyth_Slot_Burner_h2o_h2}
\end{figure}



\clearpage

\subsection{Beyler Hood Experiments}

Fig.~\ref{Beyler_Species} compares measured and predicted species mass fractions in the Beyler Hood experiments. Both measured and predicted values are time-averaged. The FDS results are taken at the extraction vent, whereas the measurements were made downstream of the vent. Details of the experiments can be found in Section~\ref{Beyler_Hood_Description}.



\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{c@{\extracolsep{\fill}}c}
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_H2O} &
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_Soot} &
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_UHC}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of gas species predictions, Beyler hood experiments]
{Comparison of measured and predicted species concentrations in the Beyler hood experiments}
\label{Beyler_Species}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{NIST Reduced Scale Enclosure (RSE) Experiments, 1994}
\label{sec:NIST_RSE_1994}

Figures~\ref{NIST_RSE_1994_CO} through \ref{NIST_RSE_1994_H2O} show the measured and predicted CO, CO$_2$ and O$_2$, and H$_2$O concentrations. Figure~\ref{NIST_RSE_1994_temp} shows the measured and predicted thermocouple temperatures in the front and rear of the compartment. The measurements were made 10~cm below the ceiling and 30~cm from the left side wall. The front position was 10~cm from the wall with the door; the back position was 30~cm from the rear wall. Details of the experiments are found in Section~\ref{NIST_RSE_1994_Description}.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_CO_Front} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_CO_Rear}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Comparison of measured and predicted CO concentration, NIST RSE experiments]{Comparison of measured and predicted CO concentration, NIST RSE experiments.}
\label{NIST_RSE_1994_CO}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_CO2_Front} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_CO2_Rear}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Comparison of measured and predicted CO$_2$ concentration, NIST RSE experiments]{Comparison of measured and predicted CO$_2$ concentration, NIST RSE experiments.}
\label{NIST_RSE_1994_CO2}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_O2_Front} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_O2_Rear}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Comparison of measured and predicted O$_2$ concentration, NIST RSE experiments]{Comparison of measured and predicted O$_2$ concentration, NIST RSE experiments.}
\label{NIST_RSE_1994_O2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_H2O_Front} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_H2O_Rear}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Comparison of measured and predicted H$_2$O concentration, NIST RSE experiments]{Comparison of measured and predicted H$_2$O concentration, NIST RSE experiments.}
\label{NIST_RSE_1994_H2O}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_TC_Front} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_TC_Rear}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Comparison of measured and predicted temperature, NIST RSE experiments]{Comparison of measured and predicted temperature, NIST RSE experiments.}
\label{NIST_RSE_1994_temp}
\end{figure}

\clearpage



\subsection{NIST Reduced-Scale Enclosure (RSE) Experiments, 2007}
\label{sec:NIST_RSE_2007}

Species and temperature measurements were made in the front and rear of the compartment, 10~cm below the ceiling, 29~cm from the right wall (looking into the compartment), and 10~cm from the front wall or 29~cm from the rear wall. The compartment was 0.95~m wide by 1.42~m deep by 0.98~m tall with a door 0.48~m wide by 0.81~m tall centered on one of the short walls.  Measurements of temperature, O$_2$, CO$_2$, CO, and unburned hydrocarbon concentration were made near the ceiling in the front and back of the compartment. Details of the experiments are found in Section~\ref{NIST_RSE_2007_Description}.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 1, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 1, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 2, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 2, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 3, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 3, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 4, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 4, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_4}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 5, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 5, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_5}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 6, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 6, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_6}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 7, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 7, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_7}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 10, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 10, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_10}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 11, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 11, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_11}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 12, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 12, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_12}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 15, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 15, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_15}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 16, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 16, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_16}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\subsection{NIST Full-Scale Enclosure (FSE) Experiments, 2008}
\label{sec:NIST_FSE_2008}

Species concentrations and temperature measurements were made at the front and rear of the compartment. Details of the experiments are found in Section~\ref{NIST_FSE_2008_Description}.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISONG3, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISONG3, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISONG3}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept4, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept4, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept4}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept5, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept5, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept5}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept8, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept8, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept8}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept9, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept9, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept9}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISONylon10, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISONylon10, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISONylon10}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOPP11, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOPP11, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOPropylene11}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHeptD12, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHeptD12, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHeptD12}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHeptD13, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHeptD13, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHeptD13}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOPropD14, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOPropD14, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOPropD14}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOProp15, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOProp15, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOProp15}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOStyrene16, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOStyrene16, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOStyrene16}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOStyrene17, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOStyrene17, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOStyrene17}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOPP18, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOPP18, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOPP18}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept19, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept19, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept19}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOToluene20, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOToluene20, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOToluene20}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOStyrene21, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOStyrene21, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOStyrene21}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept22, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept22, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept22}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept23, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept23, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept23}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept24, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept24, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept24}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept25, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept25, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept25}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept26, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept26, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept26}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept27, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept27, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept27}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept28, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept28, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept28}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOToluene29, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOToluene29, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOToluene29}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOPropanol30, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOPropanol30, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOPropanol30}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISONG32, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISONG32, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISONG32}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\subsection{Waterloo Methanol Pool Fire}
\label{sec:Waterloo_Methanol}

Hamins and Lock~\cite{Hamins:TN1928} made product species concentration measurements along the centerline above a 30.5~cm diameter methanol pool fire originally studied by Weckman at the University of Waterloo~\cite{Weckman:CF1996}.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Waterloo_Methanol/Waterloo_Methanol_O2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Waterloo_Methanol/Waterloo_Methanol_CH3OH_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Waterloo_Methanol/Waterloo_Methanol_CO2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Waterloo_Methanol/Waterloo_Methanol_CO_CL}    \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Waterloo_Methanol/Waterloo_Methanol_H2O_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Waterloo_Methanol/Waterloo_Methanol_H2_CL}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Waterloo Methanol, centerline product species concentrations]{Waterloo Methanol, centerline product species concentrations.}
\label{Waterloo_Methanol_Gas_Species}
\end{figure}



\clearpage

%\subsection{PRISME DOOR Experiments}
%
%Each compartment in the PRISME DOOR experiments contained carbon monoxide measurements in the upper (haut) and lower (bas) layers.
%
%\begin{figure}[!ht]
%\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_1_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_1_CO} \\
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_1_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_1_CO} \\
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_1_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_1_CO}
%\end{tabular*}
%\label{PRISME_CO_1}
%\end{figure}
%
%\begin{figure}[p]
%\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_2_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_2_CO} \\
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_2_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_2_CO} \\
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_2_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_2_CO}
%\end{tabular*}
%\label{PRISME_CO_2}
%\end{figure}
%
%\clearpage

\subsection{Summary, Products of Incomplete Combustion}
\label{Carbon Monoxide Concentration}

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Carbon_Monoxide_Concentration}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of carbon monoxide predictions]{Summary of carbon monoxide predictions.}
\label{Summary_CO_Concentration}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\section{Helium Release in a Reduced Scale Garage Geometry}
\label{Species Concentration}

FDS simulations were performed to predict the helium release and dispersion in a reduced scale garage geometry. The figures on the following pages show the comparison between the FDS predictions and the measured values for the eighteen experiments. Table~\ref{NIST_He_2009_Parameters} lists the experimental parameters, including the release duration, release location (21~cm off the floor at the center of the compartment, 21~cm off the floor and 5~cm from the center of the rear wall, and 2.5~cm below the ceiling at the center of the compartment), and the leak area (single small vent, 2.4~cm by 2.4~cm, at the center of the front wall, single large vent, 3.05~cm by 3.05~cm, at the center of the front wall, and a pair of vents, 2.15~cm by 2.15~cm, centered on the front wall, 2.5~cm from the floor and ceiling, respectively). The seven sensors were located 37.5~cm from the front and side walls, at heights of 9~cm, 19~cm, 28~cm, 37~cm, 47~cm, 56~cm, and 65~cm off the floor. In the figures on the following pages, the highest concentrations correspond to the highest measurement locations.

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption[Test parameters of the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments]{Test parameters of the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments.}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Test         &  Release          &  Release          &  Leak                         \\
Label        &  Duration (h)     &  Location         &  Configuration                \\ \hline \hline
3600-LC-SSV  &  1                &  Lower Center     &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
3600-LC-SLV  &  1                &  Lower Center     &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
3600-LC-ULV  &  1                &  Lower Center     &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
3600-LR-SSV  &  1                &  Lower Rear       &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
3600-LR-SLV  &  1                &  Lower Rear       &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
3600-LR-ULV  &  1                &  Lower Rear       &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
3600-UC-SSV  &  1                &  Upper Center     &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
3600-UC-SLV  &  1                &  Upper Center     &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
3600-UC-ULV  &  1                &  Upper Center     &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
14400-LC-SSV &  4                &  Lower Center     &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
14400-LC-SLV &  4                &  Lower Center     &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
14400-LC-ULV &  4                &  Lower Center     &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
14400-LR-SSV &  4                &  Lower Rear       &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
14400-LR-SLV &  4                &  Lower Rear       &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
14400-LR-ULV &  4                &  Lower Rear       &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
14400-UC-SSV &  4                &  Upper Center     &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
14400-UC-SLV &  4                &  Upper Center     &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
14400-UC-ULV &  4                &  Upper Center     &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{NIST_He_2009_Parameters}
\end{table}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LC_SSV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LC_SLV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LC_ULV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LR_SSV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LR_SLV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LR_ULV}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Results of the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments]{Comparison of measured (solid lines) and predicted (dashed lines) helium concentrations in the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments.}
\label{NIST_Hydrogen_Species_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_UC_SSV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_UC_SLV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_UC_ULV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LC_SSV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LC_SLV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LC_ULV}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Results of the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments]{Comparison of measured (solid lines) and predicted (dashed lines) helium concentrations in the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments.}
\label{NIST_Hydrogen_Species_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LR_SSV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LR_SLV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LR_ULV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_UC_SSV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_UC_SLV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_UC_ULV}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Results of the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments]{Comparison of measured (solid lines) and predicted (dashed lines) helium concentrations in the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments.}
\label{NIST_Hydrogen_Species_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Species_Concentration}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of species concentration predictions]{Summary of species concentration predictions.}
\label{Summary_Species_Concentration}
\end{figure}


